FMR Study of Co/Ti Bilayer Thin Films

. We focused on the interaction between two ferromagnetic cobalt layers through a non-magnetic titanium layer. The magnetic properties of the structure were characterized by ferromagnetic resonance technique (FMR). The data were collected as a function of non-magnetic titanium layer thickness. Co/Ti multilayer (Ti (50 {\AA})/Co(45 {\AA})/Ti(2-40 {\AA})/Co(40 {\AA})/Ti(100 {\AA}))films were grown onto naturally oxidized p-type single crystal Si (100) substrate at UHV condition with magnetron sputtering system at room temperature. The thickness of Ti spacer layer ranges from 2 to 40 {\AA} with 2 {\AA} steps. We did not observe usual optic and acoustic modes; instead we had two broad overlapped peaks for the films ranged from 6 {\AA} to 40 {\AA}. One interesting result was the high anisotropic resonance field values for these films. Exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers causes shift on resonance field values but these shifts in our samples were much larger than expected. This large anisotropic behavior is not clear at the moment. Our theoretical model was not able to determine a value for the exchange coupling parameter. One reason can be the close thickness values for Co sublayers. The other reason can be the Ti non-magnetic layer. If titanium did not grow layer by layer on cobalt, the cobalt ferromagnetic layers may behave as a single layer. As a result one cannot observe exchange interaction between ferromagnetic layers through non-magnetic spacer.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Quality characteristics and phenolic compounds of European pear cultivars

Background: Pear fruits are an important source of plant secondary metabolites and one of the major sources of dietary phenolic compounds.Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the individual phenolic compounds and some quality characteristics of the flesh and peel of the fruit in four pear cultivars. The phenolic  composition of these pear cultivars was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD).Results: The fruit flesh firmness ranged from 35.2 to 85.8 N in the pear cultivars. The soluble solids content was higher in the flesh, while titrate-able acidity, vitamin C, individual phenolic compounds and total phenolics were generally higher in the peel. Arbutin, chlorogenic acid and epicatechin were detected as major phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh of pear fruits. Arbutin, chlorogenic acid and epicatechin of the flesh and peel ranged from 834.8 to 937.9 mg kg-1; from 332.1 to 460.7 mg kg-1; and from 77.2 to 104.0 mg kg-1 for ‘Seckel’ pear fruits, respectively. The highest total phenolics were found to be in the peel and flesh of the ‘Flemish Beauty’ pear fruits.Conclusion: Because of the higher level of antioxidant components in the peel of pear fruits (all phenolic compounds and vitamin C) consumption of unpeeled pears, after proper washing, is recommended to maximize the dietary benefit.Key words: Arbutin, Chlorogenic acid, Flesh and Peel, HPLC, Pear cultivars, Vitamin

Analytics in the Business School: Insights from the Literature

The demand for business and data analysts is growing. The business school is well positioned to offer programs to meet these needs. This paper presents both the findings from a review of the existing literature on data analytics job roles, skills required for those roles and also feedback from industry experts on findings. Three different types of articles are included in the design: faculty writing about their personal experiences and observations (faculty voice), data gathered from expert practitioners and other academics (nonresident expertise), and empirical data from online job service platforms (content analysis). The narrative review method is used to integrate these disparate sources of information and deliver cohesive observations. This knowledge can be used to build better analytics programs in business schools

The exon 13 duplication in the BRCA1 gene is a founder mutation present in geographically diverse populations

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Recently, a 6-kb duplication of exon 13, which creates a frameshift in the coding sequence of the BRCA1 gene, has been described in three unrelated U.S. families of European ancestry and in one Portuguese family. Here, our goal was to estimate the frequency and geographic diversity of carriers of this duplication. To do this, a collaborative screening study was set up that involved 39 institutions from 19 countries and included 3,580 unrelated individuals with a family history of the disease and 934 early-onset breast and/or ovarian cancer cases. A total of 11 additional families carrying this mutation were identified in Australia (1), Belgium (1), Canada (1), Great Britain (6), and the United States (2). Haplotyping showed that they are likely to derive from a common ancestor, possibly of northern British origin. Our results demonstrate that it is strongly advisable, for laboratories carrying out screening either in English-speaking countries or in countries with historical links with Britain, to include within their BRCA1 screening protocols the polymerase chain reaction-based assay described in this report

Job promotion in midcareer: gender, recession, and “crowding”

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 indicate that, between 1996 and 2010, women, on average, lost some of the promotion momentum they had achieved at the beginning of midcareer, although they outperformed men in this regard. For both genders, the economic downturn of 2001 and the Great Recession of 2007–2009 contributed to reduced promotion probabilities. In the case of women, however, cohort effects, rather than the business cycle, seem to explain the promotion experience during the Great Recession. Promotions translate into higher real-wage increases, especially when coupled with growth in job responsibilities. Crowding effects, if not necessarily a thing of the past, are no longer manifested in reduced female promotion rates or earnings

Experimental evaluation on noise reduction performance of a motorcycle helmet

Motorcycle helmets are generally thought to be only protection of motorcycle drivers against head injuries as well as loud noise in traffic. While there have been several papers on noise elimination capabilities of motorcycle helmets, no controlled study has been reported to compare different types of test conditions in literature. The purpose of this study is to assess noise reduction capacities of a motorcycle helmet under different types of acoustical loadings as well as environments and to identify better test condition. Firstly, a Head & Torso simulator with and without the motorcycle helmet in a built acoustical cabinet was exposed to digitally generated sound to investigate insertion loss values. Besides, the Head & Torso simulator was fixed onto a motorcycle to simulate actual driving conditions. Sound pressure levels were captured at the ear level to obtain insertion loss values in case of motorcycle noise for different engine speeds. By comparing calculated insertion losses, it was revealed that considerable differences existed between tests for different conditions. Beneficial interpretations were deduced and thus, a practical solution was presented for accurate measurements acoustic performance of the motorcycle helmets in laboratory conditions

The thickness of pitch: Crossmodal metaphors in Farsi, Turkish and Zapotec

Speakers use vocabulary for spatial verticality and size to describe pitch. A high–low contrast is common to many languages, but others show contrasts like thick–thin and big–small. We consider uses of thick for low pitch and thin for high pitch in three languages: Farsi, Turkish, and Zapotec. We ask how metaphors for pitch structure the sound space. In a language like English, high applies to both high-pitched as well as high-amplitude (loud) sounds; low applies to low-pitched as well as low-amplitude (quiet) sounds. Farsi, Turkish, and Zapotec organize sound in a different way. Thin applies to high pitch and low amplitude and thick to low pitch and high amplitude. We claim that these metaphors have their sources in life experiences. Musical instruments show co-occurrences of higher pitch with thinner, smaller objects and lower pitch with thicker, larger objects. On the other hand bodily experience can ground the high–low metaphor. A raised larynx produces higher pitch and lowered larynx lower pitch. Low-pitched sounds resonate the chest, a lower place than highpitched sounds. While both patterns are available from life experience, linguistic experience privileges one over the other, which results in differential structuring of the multiple dimensions of sound

The Occupational Feminization of Wages

This article updates the 1995 study by Macpherson and Hirsch that used monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) data from 1973 to 1993 to examine the effects of occupational gender composition on earnings. In the updating process, the authors correct for biases in this data set that are attributable to the inclusion of imputed earners and the misreporting of occupation. They use CPS data from 1996 to 2010 to provide cross-sectional estimates of the impact of the feminization of occupations on wages, as well as its contribution to the gender wage gap. Longitudinal CPS data indicate that the negative effects of gender composition on earnings observed in cross-sectional data are lessened when researchers control for observed heterogeneity and are much reduced when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. These findings are confirmed using much longer panels from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Finally, the use of synthetic panels of aging cohorts suggests that wage penalties are largest for younger cohorts in predominantly female occupations

Early age corrosion of mild steel in aggressive media

Effect of exposure time, section type and solution concentration on mild steel early age corrosion was studied. Steel specimens section types were box, tube and corner. They were subjected to 3.5%; 5.0% and 7.0% NaCl solutions. It was established that solution concentration effects the corrosion until reaching the saturation value.Вивчено вплив тривалості експозиції, типу сталевого профілю та концентрації розчину на ранню стадію корозії вуглецевої сталі. Використано сталеві зразки у вигляді куба, трубки та кутника. Досліджували в 3,5-, 5,0- та 7,0%-их розчинах NaCl. Встановлено, що після досягнення граничної концентрації розчину хлориду натрію подальше збільшення вмісту солі не впливає на корозію сталі.Изучено влияние продолжительности экспозиции, типа стального профиля и концентрации раствора на раннюю стадию коррозии углеродистой стали. Использованы стальные образцы в виде куба, трубки и угольника. Исследовали в 3,5-, 5,0- и 7,0%-ых растворах NaCl. Установлено, что после достижения предельной концентрации раствора хлорида натрия, последующее увеличение содержания соли не влияет на коррозию стали